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Crates (; c. 365 – c. 285 BC〔Tiziano Dorandi, ''Chapter 2: Chronology'', in Algra et al. (1999) ''The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy'', page 52. Cambridge〕) of Thebes was a Cynic philosopher. Crates gave away his money to live a life of poverty on the streets of Athens. He married Hipparchia of Maroneia who lived in the same manner that he did. Respected by the people of Athens, he is remembered for being the teacher of Zeno of Citium, the founder of Stoicism. Various fragments of Crates' teachings survive, including his description of the ideal Cynic state. ==Life== Crates was born c. 365 BC〔His year of birth is uncertain. He flourished c. 328–5 BC (Olympiad 113) according to Diogenes Laërtius (vi. 87). 365 BC is a reasonable guess for his year of birth.〕 in Thebes. He was the son of Ascondus, and was the heir to a large fortune, which he is said to have renounced to live a life of Cynic poverty in Athens. Diogenes Laërtius〔Diogenes Laërtius, vi. 87–88〕 preserves several different accounts of this story; one of them has Crates giving his money away to the citizens of Thebes, apparently after seeing the beggar king Telephus in a tragedy; whereas another account has him placing his money in the hands of a banker, with the agreement that he should deliver it to his sons, unless they too became philosophers, in which case he should distribute it among the poor. He moved to Athens where tradition says he became a pupil of Diogenes of Sinope; the precise relationship between Crates and Diogenes is uncertain, but there is one apparent reference to Crates referring to himself as "a fellow-citizen of Diogenes, who defied all the plots of envy."〔Diogenes Laërtius, vi. 93〕 Crates is also described as being the student of Bryson the Achaean,〔Diogenes Laërtius, vi. 85〕 and of Stilpo.〔Seneca, ''Epistles'', 10.1〕 He lived a life of cheerful simplicity, and Plutarch, who wrote a detailed biography of Crates which unfortunately does not survive, records what sort of man Crates was: But Crates with only his wallet and tattered cloak laughed out his life jocosely, as if he had been always at a festival.〔Plutarch, ''Moralia: On the Tranquillity of the Mind''.〕 He is said to have been deformed with a lame leg and hunched shoulders.〔Julian, ''Orations'', 6.201b.〕 He was nicknamed the Door-Opener ((ギリシア語:θυρεπανοίκτης))〔Plutarch, ''Symposiacs'', 2.1.〕 because he would enter any house and people would receive him gladly and with honour: He used to enter the houses of his friends, without being invited or otherwise called, in order to reconcile members of a family, even if it was apparent that they were deeply at odds. He would not reprove them harshly, but in a soothing way, in a manner which was non-accusatory towards those whom he was correcting, because he wished to be of service to them as well as to those who were just listening.〔Julian, ''Orations'', 6.201b from G. Reale, (1980), ''The Concept of First Philosophy and the Unity of the Metaphysics of Aristotle'', page 34. SUNY Press. See also Apuleius, ''Florida'', xiv, who makes a similar statement.〕 He attracted the attentions of Hipparchia of Maroneia, the sister of one of Crates' students, Metrocles. Hipparchia is said to have fallen in love with Crates and with his life and teachings, and thus rejecting her wealthy upbringing in a manner similar to Crates, she married him. The marriage was remarkable (for ancient Athens) for being based on mutual respect and equality between the couple. Stories about Hipparchia appearing in public everywhere with Crates, are mentioned precisely because respectable women did not behave in that way. They had at least two children, a girl, and a boy named Pasicles. We learn that Crates is supposed to have initiated his son into sex by taking him to a brothel,〔Diogenes Laërtius, vi. 88〕 and he allowed his daughter a month's trial marriage to potential suitors.〔 He was the teacher of Zeno of Citium in the last years of the century,〔Diogenes Laërtius, i. 15, vi. 105, vii. 2, etc.〕 and was undoubtably the biggest influence on Zeno in his development of Stoic philosophy. Zeno always regarded Crates with the greatest respect, and some of the accounts we have of Crates have probably come down to us via Zeno's writings.〔Diogenes Laërtius, vi. 91. Cf. vii. 4〕 His other pupils included Metrocles,〔Diogenes Laërtius, vi. 94〕 Monimus,〔Diogenes Laërtius, vi. 82〕 Menippus,〔Diogenes Laërtius, vi. 95. The list of pupils at vi. 95 are at the end of the Life of Metrocles, but probably refer to Crates. Cf. R. Bracht Branham, Marie-Odile Goulet-Cazé, (2000), ''The Cynics: The Cynic Movement in Antiquity and Its Legacy'', pages 392, 398; pointing out that Diogenes Laërtius vi. 98 also returns to the biography of Crates.〕 Cleomenes,〔 Theombrotus,〔 and Crates' brother Pasicles.〔Suda, ''Stilpo''〕 He may also have taught Cleanthes,〔The ''Suda'' (''Cleanthes'') is the only source for this claim.〕 Zeno's successor as head of the Stoic school. Crates was, apparently, in Thebes in 307 BC, when Demetrius Phalereus was exiled there.〔Plutarch, ''Moralia: How to know a Flatterer from a Friend''.〕 He is said to have died at a great age (c. 285 BC), and was buried in Boeotia.〔Diogenes Laërtius, vi. 98〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Crates of Thebes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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